Given a collection of numbers that might contain duplicates, return all possible unique permutations.
Example:
Input:
[1,1,2]
Output:
[
[1,1,2],
[1,2,1],
[2,1,1]
]
Analysis
这一题接Permutations,用常规模板,要注意的是duplicate的处理。有重复元素时,通常会先sort,这样处理起来比较方便,因为sort后,重复元素会具有连续的index。
LeetCode上有一个很有意思的讨论帖:https://leetcode.com/problems/permutations-ii/discuss/18594/Really-easy-Java-solution-much-easier-than-the-solutions-with-very-high-vote
就是在于当判断出现重复元素时,如何处理。帖主给出的是:
if(i>0 &&nums[i-1]==nums[i] && !used[i-1]) continue;
但是人们发现以下同样可以work:
if(i>0 &&nums[i-1]==nums[i] && used[i-1]) continue;
其实区别就在于是出现重复元素的时候,是用第一个还是最后一个。帖主的方法更优化。
简单一点的理解就是因为在循环中,如果nums[i - 1]用过了,那么在backtracking的时候其实是会把used[i - 1]重新设成false的,used[ i - 1]为false,其实是说明nums[ i - 1]在i - 1的时候被使用过了。
另外还有一个更好的方式,直接增加一个内层循环,跑出连续的重复元素:
while (i < nums.length - 1 && nums[i + 1] == nums[i]){
i++;
}
Solution
Backtracking - 1
class Solution {
public List<List<Integer>> permuteUnique(int[] nums) {
List<List<Integer>> ans = new LinkedList<>();
boolean[] used = new boolean[nums.length];
Arrays.sort(nums);
permuteHelper(nums, used, new LinkedList<Integer>(), ans);
return ans;
}
private void permuteHelper(int[] nums, boolean[] used, List<Integer> path, List<List<Integer>> ans) {
if (path.size() == nums.length) {
ans.add(new LinkedList<>(path));
return;
}
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
if (used[i]) {
continue;
}
if (i > 0 && nums[i] == nums[i - 1] && !used[i - 1]) {
continue;
}
path.add(nums[i]);
used[i] = true;
permuteHelper(nums, used, path, ans);
path.remove(path.size() - 1);
used[i] = false;
}
}
}
Backtracking - 2
相比Permutations,只是在permuteHelper的for-loop里面最后增加了一段,来skip掉重复的元素
class Solution {
public List<List<Integer>> permuteUnique(int[] nums) {
List<List<Integer>> ans = new LinkedList<>();
boolean[] used = new boolean[nums.length];
Arrays.sort(nums);
permuteHelper(nums, used, new LinkedList<Integer>(), ans);
return ans;
}
private void permuteHelper(int[] nums, boolean[] used, List<Integer> path, List<List<Integer>> ans) {
if (path.size() == nums.length) {
ans.add(new LinkedList<>(path));
return;
}
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
if (used[i]) {
continue;
}
path.add(nums[i]);
used[i] = true;
permuteHelper(nums, used, path, ans);
path.remove(path.size() - 1);
used[i] = false;
while (i < nums.length - 1 && nums[i + 1] == nums[i]){
i++;
}
}
}
}
Backtracking - Swap
https://leetcode.com/problems/permutations-ii/discuss/18648/Share-my-Java-code-with-detailed-explanantion
class Solution {
public List<List<Integer>> permuteUnique(int[] nums) {
List<List<Integer>> ans = new ArrayList<>();
if(nums == null || nums.length == 0){
return ans;
}
helper(ans, nums, 0);
return ans;
}
private void helper(List<List<Integer>> ans, int[] nums, int start){
if(start == nums.length){
ans.add(convertToList(nums));
return;
}
for(int i=start;i<nums.length;i++){
if(!containsDuplicates(nums, start, i)){
swap(nums, start, i);
helper(ans, nums, start+1);
swap(nums, start, i);
}
}
}
private boolean containsDuplicates(int[] nums, int start, int i){
for(int j=start;j<i;j++){
if(nums[j] == nums[i]){
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
private List<Integer> convertToList(int[] nums){
List<Integer> item = new ArrayList<Integer>();
for(int i=0;i<nums.length;i++){
item.add(nums[i]);
}
return item;
}
private void swap(int[] nums, int i, int j){
int temp = nums[i];
nums[i] = nums[j];
nums[j] = temp;
}
}