LintCode & LeetCode
  • Introduction
  • Linked List
    • Sort List
    • Merge Two Sorted Lists
    • Merge k Sorted Lists
    • Linked List Cycle
    • Linked List Cycle II
    • Add Two Numbers II
    • Add Two Numbers
    • Odd Even Linked List
    • Intersection of Two Linked Lists
    • Reverse Linked List
    • Reverse Linked List II
    • Remove Linked List Elements
    • Remove Nth Node From End of List
    • Middle of the Linked List
    • Design Linked List
      • Design Singly Linked List
      • Design Doubly Linked List
    • Palindrome Linked List
    • Remove Duplicates from Sorted List
    • Remove Duplicates from Sorted List II
    • Implement Stack Using Singly Linked List
    • Copy List with Random Pointer
  • Binary Search
    • Search in Rotated Sorted Array
    • Search in Rotated Sorted Array II
    • Search in a Sorted Array of Unknown Size
    • First Bad Version
    • Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array
    • Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array II
    • Find Peak Element
    • Search for a Range
    • Find K Closest Elements
    • Search Insert Position
    • Peak Index in a Mountain Array
    • Heaters
  • Hash Table
    • Jewels and Stones
    • Single Number
    • Subdomain Visit Count
    • Design HashMap
    • Design HashSet
    • Logger Rate Limiter
    • Isomorphic Strings
    • Minimum Index Sum of Two Lists
    • Contains Duplicate II
    • Contains Duplicate III
    • Longest Consecutive Sequence
    • Valid Sudoku
    • Distribute Candies
    • Shortest Word Distance
    • Shortest Word Distance II
  • String
    • Rotate String
    • Add Binary
    • Implement strStr()
    • Longest Common Prefix
    • Reverse Words in a String
    • Reverse Words in a String II
    • Reverse Words in a String III
    • Valid Word Abbreviation
    • Group Anagrams
    • Unique Email Addresses
    • Next Closest Time
    • License Key Formatting
    • String to Integer - atoi
    • Ransom Note
    • Multiply Strings
    • Text Justification
    • Reorder Log Files
    • Most Common Word
    • Valid Parenthesis String
    • K-Substring with K different characters
    • Find All Anagrams in a String
    • Find the Closest Palindrome
    • Simplify Path
  • Array
    • Partition Array
    • Median of Two Sorted Arrays
    • Intersection of Two Arrays
    • Intersection of Two Arrays II
    • Maximum Subarray Sum
    • Minimum Subarray Sum
    • Maximum Subarray II
    • Maximum Subarray III
    • Subarray Sum Closest
    • Subarray Sum
    • Plus One
    • Maximum Subarray Difference
    • Maximum Subarray IV
    • Subarray Sum Equals K
    • Intersection of Two Arrays
    • Intersection of Two Arrays II
    • Find Pivot Index
    • Rotate Array
    • Get Smallest Nonnegative Integer Not In The Array
    • Maximize Distance to Closest Person
    • Sort Colors
    • Next Permutation
    • Rotate Image
    • Pour Water
    • Prison Cells After N Days
    • Majority Element
    • Can Place Flowers
    • Candy
  • Matrix
    • Spiral Matrix
    • Set Matrix Zeroes
    • Diagonal Traverse
  • Queue
    • Design Circular Queue
    • Implement Queue using Stacks
    • Implement Queue by Two Stacks
    • Implement Stack using Queues
    • Moving Average from Data Stream
    • Walls and Gates
    • Open the Lock
    • Sliding Window Maximum
    • Implement Queue Using Fixed Length Array
    • Animal Shelter
  • Stack
    • Valid Parentheses
    • Longest Valid Parentheses
    • Min Stack
    • Max Stack
    • Daily Temperatures
    • Evaluate Reverse Polish Notation
    • Next Greater Element I
    • Next Greater Element II
    • Next Greater Element III
    • Largest Rectangle in Histogram
    • Maximal Rectangle
    • Car Fleet
  • Heap
    • Trapping Rain Water II
    • The Skyline Problem
    • Top K Frequent Words
    • Top K Frequent Words II
    • Top K Frequent Elements
    • Top k Largest Numbers
    • Top k Largest Numbers II
    • Minimum Cost to Hire K Workers
    • Kth Largest Element in an Array
    • Kth Smallest Number in Sorted Matrix
    • Kth Smallest Sum In Two Sorted Arrays
    • K Closest Points to the Origin
    • Merge K Sorted Lists
    • Merge K Sorted Arrays
    • Top K Frequent Words - Map Reduce
  • Data Structure & Design
    • Hash Function
    • Heapify
    • LRU Cache
    • LFU Cache
    • Rehashing
    • Stack Sorting
    • Animal Shelter
    • Sliding Window Maximum
    • Moving Average from Data Stream
    • Find Median from Data Stream
    • Sliding Window Median
    • Design Hit Counter
    • Read N Characters Given Read4 II - Call multiple times
    • Read N Characters Given Read4
    • Flatten 2D Vector
    • Flatten Nested List Iterator
    • Design Search Autocomplete System
    • Time Based Key-Value Store
    • Design Tic-Tac-Toe
    • Insert Delete GetRandom O(1)
  • Union Find
    • Find the Connected Component in the Undirected Graph
    • Find the Weak Connected Component in the Directed Graph
    • Graph Valid Tree
    • Number of Islands
    • Number of Islands II
    • Surrounded Regions
    • Most Stones Removed with Same Row or Column
    • Redundant Connection
  • Trie
    • Implement Trie
    • Add and Search Word
    • Word Search II
    • Longest Word in Dictionary
    • Palindrome Pairs
    • Trie Serialization
    • Trie Service
    • Design Search Autocomplete System
    • Typeahead
  • Trees
    • Binary Tree Inorder Traversal
    • Binary Tree Postorder Traversal
    • Binary Tree Preorder Traversal
    • Binary Tree Level Order Traversal
    • Binary Tree Zigzag Level Order Traversal
    • Binary Tree Vertical Order Traversal
    • N-ary Tree Level Order Traversal
    • N-ary Tree Preorder Traversal
    • N-ary Tree Postorder Traversal
    • Construct Binary Tree from Preorder and Inorder Traversal
    • Populating Next Right Pointers in Each Node
    • Populating Next Right Pointers in Each Node II
    • Maximum Depth of Binary Tree
    • Symmetric Tree
    • Validate Binary Search Tree
    • Convert Sorted Array to Binary Search Tree
    • Path Sum
    • Path Sum II
    • Path Sum III
    • Binary Tree Maximum Path Sum
    • Kth Smallest Element in a BST
    • Same Tree
    • Lowest Common Ancestor of a Binary Tree
    • Lowest Common Ancestor of a Binary Search Tree
    • Nested List Weight Sum II
    • BST Node Distance
    • Minimum Distance (Difference) Between BST Nodes
    • Closet Common Manager
    • N-ary Tree Postorder Traversal
    • Serialize and Deserialize Binary Tree
    • Serialize and Deserialize N-ary Tree
    • Diameter of a Binary Tree
    • Print Binary Trees
  • Segment Tree
    • Segment Tree Build
    • Range Sum Query - Mutable
  • Binary Indexed Tree
  • Graph & Search
    • Clone Graph
    • N Queens
    • Six Degrees
    • Number of Islands
    • Number of Distinct Islands
    • Word Search
    • Course Schedule
    • Course Schedule II
    • Word Ladder
    • Redundant Connection
    • Redundant Connection II
    • Longest Increasing Path in a Matrix
    • Reconstruct Itinerary
    • The Maze
    • The Maze II
    • The Maze III
    • Topological Sorting
    • Island Perimeter
    • Flood Fill
    • Cheapest Flights Within K Stops
    • Evaluate Division
    • Alien Dictionary
    • Cut Off Trees for Golf Event
    • Jump Game II
    • Most Stones Removed with Same Row or Column
  • Backtracking
    • Subsets
    • Subsets II
    • Letter Combinations of a Phone Number
    • Permutations
    • Permutations II
    • Combinations
    • Combination Sum
    • Combination Sum II
    • Combination Sum III
    • Combination Sum IV
    • N-Queens
    • N-Queens II
    • Generate Parentheses
    • Subsets of Size K
  • Two Pointers
    • Two Sum II
    • Triangle Count
    • Trapping Rain Water
    • Container with Most Water
    • Minimum Size Subarray Sum
    • Minimum Window Substring
    • Longest Substring Without Repeating Characters
    • Longest Substring with At Most K Distinct Characters
    • Longest Substring with At Most Two Distinct Characters
    • Fruit Into Baskets
    • Nuts & Bolts Problem
    • Valid Palindrome
    • The Smallest Difference
    • Reverse String
    • Remove Element
    • Max Consecutive Ones
    • Max Consecutive Ones II
    • Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array
    • Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array II
    • Move Zeroes
    • Longest Repeating Character Replacement
    • 3Sum With Multiplicity
    • Merge Sorted Array
    • 3Sum Smaller
    • Backspace String Compare
  • Mathematics
    • Ugly Number
    • Ugly Number II
    • Super Ugly Number
    • Sqrt(x)
    • Random Number 1 to 7 With Equal Probability
    • Pow(x, n)
    • Narcissistic Number
    • Rectangle Overlap
    • Happy Number
    • Add N Days to Given Date
    • Reverse Integer
    • Greatest Common Divisor or Highest Common Factor
  • Bit Operation
    • IP to CIDR
  • Random
    • Random Pick with Weight
    • Random Pick Index
    • Linked List Random Node
  • Dynamic Programming
    • House Robber
    • House Robber II
    • House Robber III
    • Longest Increasing Continuous Subsequence
    • Longest Increasing Continuous Subsequence II
    • Coins in a Line
    • Coins in a Line II
    • Coins in a Line III
    • Maximum Product Subarray
    • Longest Palindromic Substring
    • Stone Game
    • Burst Balloons
    • Perfect Squares
    • Triangle
    • Pascal's Triangle
    • Pascal's Triangle II
    • Min Cost Climbing Stairs
    • Climbing Stairs
    • Unique Paths
    • Unique Paths II
    • Minimum Path Sum
    • Word Break
    • Word Break II
    • Range Sum Query - Immutable
    • Decode Ways
    • Edit Distance
    • Unique Binary Search Trees
    • Unique Binary Search Trees II
    • Maximal Rectangle
    • Maximal Square
    • Regular Expression Matching
    • Wildcard Matching
    • Flip Game II
    • Longest Increasing Subsequence
    • Target Sum
    • Partition Equal Subset Sum
    • Coin Change
    • Jump Game
    • Can I Win
    • Maximum Sum Rectangle in a 2D Matrix
    • Cherry Pick
  • Knapsack
    • Backpack
    • Backpack II
    • Backpack III
    • Backpack IV
    • Backpack V
    • Backpack VI
    • Backpack VII
    • Coin Change
    • Coin Change II
  • High Frequency
    • 2 Sum Closest
    • 3 Sum
    • 3 Sum Closest
    • Sort Colors II
    • Majority Number
    • Majority Number II
    • Majority Number III
    • Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock
    • Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock II
    • Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock III
    • Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock IV
    • Two Sum
    • Two Sum II - Input array is sorted
    • Two Sum III - Data structure design
    • Two Sum IV - Input is a BST
    • 4 Sum
    • 4 Sum II
  • Sorting
  • Greedy
    • Jump Game II
    • Remove K Digits
  • Minimax
    • Nim Game
    • Can I Win
  • Sweep Line & Interval
    • Meeting Rooms
    • Meeting Rooms II
    • Merge Intervals
    • Insert Interval
    • Number of Airplanes in the Sky
    • Exam Room
    • Employee Free Time
    • Closest Pair of Points
    • My Calendar I
    • My Calendar II
    • My Calendar III
    • Add Bold Tag in String
  • Other Algorithms and Data Structure
    • Huffman Coding
    • Reservoir Sampling
    • Bloom Filter
    • External Sorting
    • Construct Quad Tree
  • Company Tag
    • Google
      • Guess the Word
      • Raindrop on Sidewalk
    • Airbnb
      • Display Pages (Pagination)
    • Amazon
  • Problem Solving Summary
    • String or Array Rotation
    • Tips for Avoiding Bugs
    • Substring or Subarray Search
    • Sliding Window
    • K Sums
    • Combination Sum Series
    • Knapsack Problems
    • Depth-first Search
    • Large Number Operation
    • Implementation - Simulation
    • Monotonic Stack & Queue
    • Top K Problems
    • Java Interview Tips
      • OOP in Java
      • Conversion in Java
      • Data Structures in Java
    • Algorithm Optimization Tips
  • Reference
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On this page
  • 动态规划的4点要素
  • 动态规划中的优化
  • 滚动数组优化
  • 记忆化搜索
  • 什么时候用记忆化搜索?
  • 博弈类DP
  • 区间类DP
  • 划分类DP
  • 背包类DP
  • 其他
  • 何时可能使用DP
  • 编程小技巧
  • 参考资料

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Dynamic Programming

动态规划的4点要素

1 . 状态 State

  • 灵感,创造力,存储小规模问题的结果

    • 最优解/Maximum/Minimum

    • Yes/No

    • Count

2 . 方程 Function

  • 状态之间的联系,怎么通过小的状态,来求得大的状态

3 . 初始化 Initialization

  • 最极限的小状态是什么, 起点

4 . 答案 Answer

  • 最大的那个状态是什么,终点

动态规划中的优化

滚动数组优化

f[i] = max(f[i-1], f[i-2] + A[i]);

转换为

f[i%2] = max(f[(i-1)%2]和 f[(i-2)%2])

一维滚动数组优化

这类题目特点

f[i] = max(f[i-1], f[i-2] + A[i]); 由 f[i-1],f[i-2] 来决定状态

可以转化为

f[i%2] = max(f[(i-1)%2]和 f[(i-2)%2]) 由 f[(i-1)%2] 和 f[(i-2)%2] 来决定状态

观察我们需要保留的状态来确定模数

二维动态规划空间优化

这类题目特点

f[i][j] = 由f[i-1]行 来决定状态, 第i行跟 i-1 行之前毫无关系

所以状态转变为

f[i%2][j] = 由f[(i-1)%2]行来决定状态

记忆化搜索

  • 本质上: 动态规划

  • 动态规划就是解决了重复计算的搜索

  • 动态规划的实现方式:

    • 循环(从小到大递推)

    • 记忆化搜索(从大到小搜索)

      • 画搜索树

      • 万金油

什么时候用记忆化搜索?

  • 状态转移特别麻烦,不是顺序性。

    • Longest Increasing continuous Subsequence 2D

      • 遍历x,y 上下左右四个格子 dp[x][y] = dp[nx][ny]

    • Coins in a Line III

      • dp[i][j] = sum[i][j] - min(dp[i+1][j], dp[i][j-1]);

  • 初始化状态不是很容易找到

    • Stone Game

      • 初始化dp[i][i] = 0

    • Longest Increasing continuous Subsequence 2D

      • 初始化极小值

  • 从大到小

博弈类DP

博弈有先后手

  • State

    • 定义一个人的状态

  • Function

    • 考虑两个人的状态做状态更新

  • Initialize

  • Answer

先思考最小状态,然后思考大的状态 -> 往小的状态地推,那么非常适合记忆化搜索

区间类DP

区间类DP特点:

  1. 求一段区间的解max/min/count

  2. 转移方程通过区间更新

  3. 从大到小的更新

区间类DP的做法,是用memorized search,把大区间拆分为小区间来解。而dp[i][j] 则直观的表示为区别 i 到 j 的最优解。

Example:

  • Scramble String

这种题目共性就是区间最后求[0,n-1] 这样一个区间。 逆向思维分析 从大到小就能迎刃而解。

逆向 =>> 分治类似

划分类DP

“划分类” DP,是指给定原数组之后,将其划分为 k 个子数组,使其 sum / product 最大 / 最小的 DP 类问题。

这类问题的 optimal substructure 是,对于给定区间的globalMax,其最优解一定由所属区间内的 localMax 区间组成,可能不连续。 以“必须以当前结尾” 来保证 local 子问题之间的连续性;用 global 来记录最优解之间可能的不连续性。

划分类DP 与 区间类DP 主要区别在于,我们只取其中 k 段,而中间部分可以留空;而区间类 DP 子问题之间是连贯而不留空的。区间类 DP 是记忆化的 divide & conquer, 划分类 DP 则是不连续 subarray 的组合,不同于区间类 DP 每一个区间都要考虑与计算,划分类DP 很多元素和子区间是可以忽略的,有贪心法的思想在里面,因此也依赖于正确的 local / global 结构来保证算法的正确性。

背包类DP

背包类DP 特点:

  1. 用值作为DP维度

  2. DP过程就是填写矩阵

  3. 可以滚动数组优化

其他

何时可能使用DP

  • 求最大最小值 max/min

  • 求能否达到 yes/no

  • 求数量 count(*)

编程小技巧

  • 多开一位,把0位空出来

参考资料

PreviousLinked List Random NodeNextHouse Robber

Last updated 5 years ago

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Reference:

Coins in a Line III
Stone Game
Burst Balloons
https://mnmunknown.gitbooks.io/algorithm-notes/626,_dong_tai_gui_hua_ff0c_subarray_lei.html
Hawstein: 动态规划:从新手到专家
什么是动态规划?动态规划的意义是什么?